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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Window</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="Window_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Window (disambiguation)">Window (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="Windows_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Windows (disambiguation)">Windows (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

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</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:58px;max-width:58px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:114px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:154px;max-width:154px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:114px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:174px;max-width:174px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:114px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:111px;max-width:111px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:137px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:191px;max-width:191px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:137px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:84px;max-width:84px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:137px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Various examples of windows</div></div></div></div>

<p>A <b>window</b> is an <a href="Hole" title="Hole">opening</a> in a <a href="Wall" title="Wall">wall</a>, <a href="Door" title="Door">door</a>, <a href="Roof" title="Roof">roof</a>, or <a href="Vehicle" title="Vehicle">vehicle</a> that allows the exchange of <a href="Light" title="Light">light</a> and may also allow the passage of sound and sometimes <a href="Air" class="mw-redirect" title="Air">air</a>. Modern windows are usually <a href="Glazing_(window)" title="Glazing (window)">glazed</a> or covered in some other <a href="Transparency_(optics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transparency (optics)">transparent</a> or translucent <a href="Material" title="Material">material</a>, a <a href="Window_sash" class="mw-redirect" title="Window sash">sash</a> set in a frame<sup id="cite_ref-britannica.com_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the opening; the sash and frame are also referred to as a window.<sup id="cite_ref-Window_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Window-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many glazed windows may be opened, to allow <a href="Ventilation_(architecture)" title="Ventilation (architecture)">ventilation</a>, or closed to exclude <a href="Inclement_weather" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclement weather">inclement weather</a>. Windows may have a <a href="Latch_(hardware)" class="mw-redirect" title="Latch (hardware)">latch</a> or similar <a href="Mechanism_(engineering)" title="Mechanism (engineering)">mechanism</a> to <a href="Lock_and_key" title="Lock and key">lock</a> the window shut or to hold it open by various amounts.

</p><p>Types include the eyebrow window, fixed windows, <a href="Hexagonal_window" title="Hexagonal window">hexagonal windows</a>, single-hung, and double-hung sash windows, horizontal sliding <a href="Sash_window" title="Sash window">sash windows</a>, <a href="Casement_window" title="Casement window">casement windows</a>, awning windows, hopper windows, tilt, and slide windows (often door-sized), tilt and turn windows, transom windows, sidelight windows, <a href="Jalousie" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalousie">jalousie</a> or <a href="Louver" title="Louver">louvered</a> windows, <a href="Clerestory" title="Clerestory">clerestory</a> windows, <a href="Lancet_window" title="Lancet window">lancet windows</a>, <a href="Skylight" title="Skylight">skylights</a>, <a href="Roof_window" title="Roof window">roof windows</a>, <a href="Roof_lantern" title="Roof lantern">roof lanterns</a>, <a href="Bay_window" title="Bay window">bay windows</a>, <a href="Oriel_window" title="Oriel window">oriel windows</a>, thermal, or <a href="Diocletian_window" title="Diocletian window">Diocletian</a>, windows, picture windows, <a href="Rose_window" title="Rose window">rose windows</a>, emergency exit windows, <a href="Stained_glass" title="Stained glass">stained glass</a> windows, French windows, panel windows, double/triple-paned windows, and <a href="Witch_window" title="Witch window">witch windows</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div>

<p>The English language-word <i>window</i> originates from the <a href="Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">vindauga</i></span>, from <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">vindr</i></span> 'wind' and <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">auga</i></span> 'eye'.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="Norwegian_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian Language">Norwegian</a>, <a href="Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk">Nynorsk</a>, and <a href="Icelandic_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Icelandic Language">Icelandic</a>, the Old Norse form has survived to this day (in Icelandic only as a less used word for a type of small open "window", not strictly a synonym for <span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">gluggi</i></span>, the Icelandic word for 'window'<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). In <a href="Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>, the word <span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">vindöga</i></span> remains as a term for a hole through the roof of a hut, and in the <a href="Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish language</a> <span title="Danish-language text"><i lang="da">vindue</i></span> and Norwegian <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no"><a href="Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål">Bokmål</a></i></span> <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">vindu</i></span>, the direct link to <i>eye</i> is lost, just as for <i>window</i>. The Danish (but not the <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">Bokmål</i></span>) word is pronounced fairly similarly to <i>window</i>.

</p><p><i>Window</i> is first recorded in the early 13th century, and originally referred to an unglazed hole in a roof. <i>Window</i> replaced the <a href="Old_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English language">Old English</a> <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">eagþyrl</i></span>, which literally means 'eye-hole', and <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">eagduru</i></span> 'eye-door'. Many Germanic languages, however, adopted the Latin word <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">fenestra</i></span> to describe a window with glass, such as <a href="Standard_language" title="Standard language">standard</a> <a href="Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> <span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">fönster</i></span>, or <a href="German_language" title="German language">German</a> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Fenster</i></span>. The use of <i>window</i> in English is probably because of the Scandinavian influence on the English language by means of <a href="Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a> during the <a href="Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a>. In English, the word <i>fenester</i> was used as a parallel until the mid-18th century. <i>Fenestration</i> is still used to describe the arrangement of windows within a <a href="Fa%C3%A7ade" title="Façade">façade</a>, as well as <i><a href="Defenestration" title="Defenestration">defenestration</a></i>, meaning 'to throw out of a window'.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>The Romans were the first known to use <a href="Glass" title="Glass">glass</a> for windows, a technology likely first produced in <a href="Egypt_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt (Roman province)">Roman Egypt</a>, in <a href="Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 100</span> AD. Presentations of windows can be seen in ancient Egyptian wall art and sculptures from Assyria. Paper windows were economical and widely used in ancient China, Korea, and Japan. In England, <a href="Glass" title="Glass">glass</a> became common in the windows of ordinary homes only in the early 17th century whereas windows made up of panes of flattened <a href="Animal_horn" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal horn">animal horn</a> were used as early as the 14th century. In the 19th century American west, <a href="Greased_paper_window" title="Greased paper window">greased paper windows</a> came to be used by pioneering settlers. Modern-style floor-to-ceiling windows became possible only after the industrial <a href="Plate_glass" title="Plate glass">plate</a> <a href="Glass_production" title="Glass production">glass making</a> processes were fully perfected.

</p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technologies">Technologies</h3></div>

<p>In the 13th century BC, the earliest windows were unglazed openings in a roof to admit light during the day. Later, windows were covered with animal hide, cloth, or wood. <a href="Window_shutter" title="Window shutter">Shutters</a> that could be opened and closed came next. Over time, windows were built that both protected the inhabitants from the elements and transmitted light, using multiple small pieces of translucent material, such as flattened pieces of translucent animal horn, paper sheets, thin slices of <a href="Marble" title="Marble">marble</a> (such as <a href="Fengite" title="Fengite">fengite</a>), or pieces of glass, set in frameworks of wood, iron or lead. In the Far East, paper was used to fill windows.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica.com_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

The Romans were the first known users of glass for windows, exploiting a technology likely first developed in <a href="Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Roman Egypt</a>. Specifically, in <a href="Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 100 CE, <a href="Glass_casting" title="Glass casting">cast-glass</a> windows, albeit with poor optical properties, began to appear, but these were small thick productions, little more than <a href="Glass_blowing" class="mw-redirect" title="Glass blowing">blown-glass</a> jars (cylindrical shapes) flattened out into sheets with circular striation patterns throughout. (Compare traditional <a href="Church_window" title="Church window">church windows</a> made of <a href="Stained_glass" title="Stained glass">stained glass</a>.) It would be over a millennium before window glass became transparent enough to see through clearly, as we expect now. (However, ancient Roman windows were still very useful, as they presented "an often-overlooked advance in heating technology (allowing solar heat to enter a home or building while preventing the warmed air from escaping)."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) In 1154, <a href="Muhammad_al-Idrisi" title="Muhammad al-Idrisi">Al-Idrisi</a> described glass windows as a feature of the palace belonging to the king of the <a href="Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Ghana Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Over the centuries techniques were developed to shear through one side of a blown glass <a href="Cylinder_(geometry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cylinder (geometry)">cylinder</a> and produce thinner rectangular window panes from the same amount of glass material. This gave rise to tall narrow windows, usually separated by a vertical support called a <a href="Mullion" title="Mullion">mullion</a>. Mullioned glass windows were the windows of choice among the European well-to-do, whereas paper windows were economical and widely used in ancient China, Korea, and Japan. In England, glass became common in the windows of ordinary homes only in the early 17th century, whereas windows made up of panes of flattened animal horn were used as early as the 14th century.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Modern-style floor-to-ceiling windows became possible only after the industrial <a href="Plate_glass" title="Plate glass">plate</a> <a href="Glass_production" title="Glass production">glass-making</a> processes were perfected in the late 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern windows are usually filled using glass, although transparent plastic is also used.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica.com_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fashions_and_trends">Fashions and trends</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Church_window" title="Church window">Church window</a></div>

<p>The introduction of <a href="Lancet_window" title="Lancet window">lancet windows</a> into Western European <a href="Church_architecture" title="Church architecture">church architecture</a> from the 12th century CE built on a tradition of arched windows <sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> inserted between columns,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and led not only to <a href="Tracery" title="Tracery">tracery</a> and elaborate <a href="Medieval_stained_glass" title="Medieval stained glass">stained-glass</a> windows but also to a long-standing motif of pointed or rounded window-shapes in ecclesiastical buildings, still seen in many churches today.

</p><p>Peter Smith discusses overall trends in early-modern rural Welsh window architecture:

</p>

<p>Up to about 1680 windows tended to be horizontal in proportion, a shape suitable for lighting the low-ceilinged rooms that had resulted from the insertion of the upper floor into the hall-house. After that date vertically proportioned windows came into fashion, partly at least as a response to the Renaissance taste for the high ceiling. Since 1914 the wheel has come full circle and a horizontally proportioned window is again favoured.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

</blockquote>

<p>The spread of <a href="Plate_glass" title="Plate glass">plate-glass</a> technology made possible the introduction of picture windows (in <a href="Levittown%2C_Pennsylvania" title="Levittown, Pennsylvania">Levittown, Pennsylvania</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> founded 1951–1952).

</p><p>Many <a href="Modernity" title="Modernity">modern day</a> windows may have a <a href="Window_screen" title="Window screen">window screen</a> or mesh, often made of <a href="Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminum</a> or <a href="Fiberglass" title="Fiberglass">fibreglass</a>, to keep <a href="Bug_(insect)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bug (insect)">bugs</a> out when the window is opened. Windows are primarily designed to facilitate a vital connection with the outdoors, offering those within the confines of the building visual access to the everchanging events occurring outside. The provision of this connection serves as an integral safeguard for the health and well-being of those inhabiting buildings, lest they experience the detrimental effects of enclosed buildings devoid of windows. Among the myriad criteria for the design of windows, several pivotal criteria have emerged in daylight standards: location, time, weather, nature, and people. Of these criteria, windows that are designed to provide views of <a href="Nature" title="Nature">nature</a> are considered to be the most important by people.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cross">Cross</h3></div>

<p>A <a href="Cross-window" title="Cross-window">cross-window</a> is a rectangular window usually divided into four lights by a mullion and transom that form a <a href="Latin_cross" title="Latin cross">Latin cross</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eyebrow">Eyebrow</h3></div>

<p>The term <i>eyebrow window</i> is used in two ways: a curved top window in a wall or an eyebrow <a href="Dormer" title="Dormer">dormer</a>; and a row of small windows usually under the front eaves such as the <a href="James-Lorah_House" title="James-Lorah House">James-Lorah House</a> in Pennsylvania.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fixed">Fixed</h3></div>

<p>A <i>fixed window</i> is a window that cannot be opened,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whose function is limited to allowing light to enter (unlike an unfixed window, which can open and close). <a href="Clerestory" title="Clerestory">Clerestory</a> windows in <a href="Church_architecture" title="Church architecture">church architecture</a> are often fixed. Transom windows may be fixed or operable. This type of window is used in situations where light or vision alone is needed as no ventilation is possible in such windows without the use of <a href="Trickle_vent" title="Trickle vent">trickle vents</a> or overglass vents.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Single-hung_sash">Single-hung sash</h3></div>

<p>A <i>single-hung sash window</i> is a window that has one sash that is movable (usually the bottom one) and the other fixed. This is the earlier form of sliding sash window and is also cheaper.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica.com_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Double-hung_sash">Double-hung sash</h3></div>

<p>A <a href="Sash_window" title="Sash window">sash window</a> is the traditional style of window in the United Kingdom, and many other places that were formerly colonized by the UK, with two parts (sashes) that overlap slightly and slide up and down inside the frame. The two parts are not necessarily the same size; where the upper sash is smaller (shorter) it is termed a <a href="Cottage_window" title="Cottage window">cottage window</a>. Currently, most new double-hung sash windows use spring balances to support the sashes, but traditionally, counterweights held in boxes on either side of the window were used. These were and are attached to the sashes using pulleys of either braided cord or, later, purpose-made chain. Three types of spring balances are called a tape or clock spring balance; channel or block-and-tackle balance, and a spiral or tube balance.

</p><p>Double-hung sash windows were traditionally often fitted with <a href="Window_shutter" title="Window shutter">shutters</a>. Sash windows can be fitted with simplex hinges that let the window be locked into hinges on one side, while the rope on the other side is detached—so the window can be opened for fire escape or cleaning.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foldup">Foldup</h3></div>

<p>A <i>foldup</i> has two equal sashes similar to a standard double-hung but folds upward allowing air to pass through nearly the full-frame opening. The window is balanced using either springs or counterbalances, similar to a double-hung. The sashes can be either offset to simulate a double-hung, or in-line. The inline versions can be made to fold inward or outward. The inward swinging foldup windows can have fixed screens, while the outward swinging ones require movable screens. The windows are typically used for screen rooms, kitchen pass-throughs, or egress.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Horizontal_sliding_sash">Horizontal sliding sash</h3></div>

<p>A <i>horizontal sliding sash window</i> has two or more sashes that overlap slightly but slide horizontally within the frame. In the UK, these are sometimes called <a href="Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a> sash windows, presumably because of their traditional use in that county.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Casement">Casement</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Casement_window" title="Casement window">Casement window</a></div>

<p>A <a href="Casement_window" title="Casement window">casement window</a> is a window with a hinged sash that swings in or out like a door comprising either a side-hung, top-hung (also called "awning window"; see below), or occasionally bottom-hung sash or a combination of these types, sometimes with fixed panels on one or more sides of the sash.<sup id="cite_ref-Window_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Window-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the US, these are usually opened using a <a href="Crank_(mechanism)" title="Crank (mechanism)">crank</a>, but in parts of Europe, they tend to use projection friction stays and <a href="Espagnolette" title="Espagnolette">espagnolette</a> locking. Formerly, plain hinges were used with a <a href="Casement_stay" title="Casement stay">casement stay</a>. <a href="Handing" class="mw-redirect" title="Handing">Handing</a> applies to casement windows to determine direction of swing; a casement window may be left-handed, right-handed, or double. The casement window is the dominant type now found in modern buildings in the UK and many other parts of Europe.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Awning">Awning</h3></div>

<p>An <i>awning window</i> is a casement window that is hung horizontally, <a href="Hinge" title="Hinge">hinged</a> on top, so that it swings outward like an <a href="Awning" title="Awning">awning</a>. In addition to being used independently, they can be stacked, several in one opening, or combined with fixed glass. They are particularly useful for ventilation.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hopper">Hopper</h3></div>

<p>A <i>hopper window</i> is a bottom-pivoting casement window that opens by tilting vertically, typically to the inside, resembling a <a href="Hopper_(particulate_collection_container)" title="Hopper (particulate collection container)">hopper</a> chute.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pivot">Pivot</h3></div>

<p>A <i>pivot window</i> is a window hung on one hinge on each of two opposite sides which allows the window to revolve when opened. The hinges may be mounted top and bottom (Vertically Pivoted) or at each jamb (Horizontally Pivoted). The window will usually open initially to a restricted position for ventilation and, once released, fully reverse and lock again for safe cleaning from inside. Modern pivot hinges incorporate a friction device to hold the window open against its weight and may have restriction and reversed locking built-in. In the UK, where this type of window is most common, they were extensively installed in high-rise social housing.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tilt_and_slide">Tilt and slide</h3></div>

<p>A <i>tilt and slide window</i> is a window (more usually a door-sized window) where the sash tilts inwards at the top similar to a hopper window and then slides horizontally behind the fixed pane.

</p>

<p>A <i>tilt and turn window</i> can both tilt inwards at the top or open inwards from hinges at the side. This is the most common type of window in Germany, its country of origin. It is also widespread in many other European countries. In Europe, it is usual for these to be of the "turn first" type. i.e. when the handle is turned to 90 degrees the window opens in the side hung mode. With the handle turned to 180 degrees the window opens in bottom hung mode. Most usually in the UK the windows will be "tilt first" i.e. bottom hung at 90 degrees for ventilation and side hung at 180 degrees for cleaning the outer face of the glass from inside the building.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transom">Transom</h3></div>

<p>A transom window is a window above a door. In an exterior door the <a href="Transom_(architectural)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transom (architectural)">transom</a> window is often fixed, in an interior door, it can open either by hinges at top or bottom, or rotate on hinges. It provided ventilation before forced air heating and cooling. A fan-shaped transom is known as a fanlight, especially in the British Isles.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Side_light">Side light</h3></div>

<p>Windows beside a door or window are called side-, wing-, margen-lights, and flanking windows.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jalousie_window">Jalousie window</h3></div>

<p>Also known as a <a href="Louver" title="Louver">louvered</a> window, the <a href="Jalousie_window" title="Jalousie window">jalousie window</a> consists of parallel slats of glass or <a href="Poly(methyl_methacrylate)" title="Poly(methyl methacrylate)">acrylic</a> that open and close like a <a href="Venetian_blind" class="mw-redirect" title="Venetian blind">Venetian blind</a>, usually using a crank or a lever. They are used extensively in tropical architecture. A jalousie door is a door with a jalousie window.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clerestory">Clerestory</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Clerestory" title="Clerestory">Clerestory</a></div>

<p>A clerestory window is a window set in a <a href="Roof" title="Roof">roof</a> structure or high in a wall, used for <a href="Daylighting_(architecture)" title="Daylighting (architecture)">daylighting</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skylight">Skylight</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="Daylighting_(architecture)" title="Daylighting (architecture)">Daylighting (architecture)</a> and <a href="Skylight" title="Skylight">Skylight</a></div>

<p>A <a href="Skylight" title="Skylight">skylight</a> is a window built into a roof structure.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This type of window allows for natural daylight and moonlight.

</p>

<p>A <i>roof window</i> is a sloped window used for <a href="Daylighting_(architecture)" title="Daylighting (architecture)">daylighting</a>, built into a <a href="Roof" title="Roof">roof</a> structure. It is one of the few windows that could be used as an exit. Larger <a href="Roof_window" title="Roof window">roof windows</a> meet building codes for emergency evacuation.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roof_lantern">Roof lantern</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Roof_lantern" title="Roof lantern">Roof lantern</a></div>

<p>A roof lantern is a multi-paned glass structure, resembling a small building, built on a roof for day or moon light. Sometimes includes an additional <a href="Clerestory" title="Clerestory">clerestory</a>. May also be called a <a href="Cupola" title="Cupola">cupola</a>.

</p>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Bay_window" title="Bay window">Bay window</a></div>

<p>A <a href="Bay_window" title="Bay window">bay window</a> is a multi-panel window, with at least three panels set at different angles to create a protrusion from the wall line.<sup id="cite_ref-Window_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Window-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oriel">Oriel</h4></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Oriel_window" title="Oriel window">Oriel window</a></div>

<p>An <i>oriel window</i> is a form of bay window. This form most often appears in Tudor-style houses and monasteries. It projects from the wall and does not extend to the ground. Originally a form of porch, they are often supported by brackets or corbels.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thermal">Thermal</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Diocletian_window" title="Diocletian window">Diocletian window</a></div>

<p>Thermal, or <a href="Diocletian_window" title="Diocletian window">Diocletian</a>, windows are large semicircular windows (or niches) which are usually divided into three lights (window compartments) by two mullions. The central compartment is often wider than the two side lights on either side of it.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Picture">Picture</h3></div>

<p>A <i>picture window</i> is a large fixed window in a wall, typically without <a href="Glazing_bar" class="mw-redirect" title="Glazing bar">glazing bars</a>, or glazed with only perfunctory glazing bars (<a href="Muntin" title="Muntin">muntins</a>) near the edge of the window. Picture windows provide an unimpeded view, as if framing a picture.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multi-lite">Multi-lite</h3></div>

<p>A <i>multi-lite window</i> is a window glazed with small panes of glass separated by wooden or lead <i>glazing bars</i>, or <i><a href="Muntins" class="mw-redirect" title="Muntins">muntins</a></i>, arranged in a decorative <i>glazing pattern</i> often dictated by the building's architectural style. Due to the historic unavailability of large panes of glass, the multi-lit (or <i>lattice window</i>) was the most common window style until the beginning of the 20th century, and is still used in traditional architecture.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emergency_exit/egress">Emergency exit/egress</h3></div>

<p>An <i><a href="Emergency_exit" title="Emergency exit">emergency exit</a> window</i> is a window big enough and low enough so that occupants can escape through the opening in an emergency, such as a fire. In many countries, exact specifications for emergency windows in bedrooms are given in many <a href="Building_code" title="Building code">building codes</a>. Specifications for such windows may also allow for the entrance of emergency rescuers. Vehicles, such as buses, aircraft, and trains frequently have emergency exit windows as well.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stained_glass">Stained glass</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Stained_glass" title="Stained glass">Stained glass</a></div>

<p>A <a href="Stained_glass_window" class="mw-redirect" title="Stained glass window">stained glass window</a> is a window composed of pieces of colored glass, <a href="Transparency_(optics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transparency (optics)">transparent, translucent</a> or <a href="Opacity_(optics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Opacity (optics)">opaque</a>, frequently portraying persons or scenes. Typically the glass in these windows is separated by lead glazing bars. Stained glass windows were popular in <a href="Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian</a> houses and some <a href="Frank_Lloyd_Wright" title="Frank Lloyd Wright">Wrightian</a> houses, and are especially common in <a href="Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">churches</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French">French</h3></div>

<p>A <a href="French_door" class="mw-redirect" title="French door">French door</a><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has two columns of upright rectangular glass panes (lights) extending its full length; and two of these doors on an exterior wall and without a <a href="Mullion" title="Mullion">mullion</a> separating them, that open outward with opposing hinges to a <a href="Terrace_(building)" title="Terrace (building)">terrace</a> or porch, are referred to as a <b>French window</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes these are set in pairs or multiples thereof along the exterior wall of a very large room, but often, one French window is placed centrally in a typically sized room, perhaps among other fixed windows flanking the feature. French windows are known as <i>porte-fenêtre</i> in France and <i>portafinestra</i> in Italy, and frequently are used in modern houses.

</p>

<div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:307px;max-width:307px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:151px;max-width:151px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">A "French window" (two French doors on an exterior wall hinged to open outward together without a <a href="Mullion" title="Mullion">mullion</a> separating them) at the <a href="List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_France" title="List of diplomatic missions of France">Embassy of France</a> in <a href="Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>, early 20th century</div></div></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Double-paned">Double-paned</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Insulated_glazing" title="Insulated glazing">Insulated glazing</a></div>

<p><i>Double-paned windows</i> have two parallel panes (slabs of glass) with a separation of typically about 1 cm; this space is permanently sealed and filled at the time of manufacture with dry air or other dry nonreactive gas. Such windows provide a marked improvement in <a href="Thermal_insulation" title="Thermal insulation">thermal insulation</a> (and usually in acoustic insulation as well) and are resistant to fogging and frosting caused by temperature differential. They are widely used for residential and commercial construction in intemperate climates. In the UK, double-paned and triple-paned are referred to as double-<a href="Glazing_(window)" title="Glazing (window)">glazing</a> and triple-glazing. Triple-paned windows are now a common type of glazing in central to northern Europe. <a href="Quadruple_glazing" title="Quadruple glazing">Quadruple glazing</a> is now being introduced in Scandinavia.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hexagonal_window">Hexagonal window</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Hexagonal_window" title="Hexagonal window">Hexagonal window</a></div>

<p>A <a href="Hexagonal_window" title="Hexagonal window">hexagonal window</a> is a <a href="Hexagon" title="Hexagon">hexagon</a>-shaped window, resembling a bee cell or crystal lattice of graphite. The window can be vertically or horizontally oriented, openable or dead. It can also be regular or elongately-shaped and can have a separator (<a href="Mullion" title="Mullion">mullion</a>). Typically, the cellular window is used for an attic or as a decorative feature, but it can also be a major architectural element to provide the natural lighting inside buildings.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Guillotine_window">Guillotine window</h3></div>

<p>A <i>guillotine window</i> is a window that opens vertically. Guillotine windows have more than one sliding frame, and open from bottom to top or top to bottom.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terms">Terms</h2></div>

<p>EN 12519 is the European standard that describes windows terms officially used in EU Member States. The main terms are:

</p>

<ul><li><b>Light</b>, or <b>Lite</b>, is the area between the outer parts of a window (<a href="Transom_(architectural)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transom (architectural)">transom</a>, sill and jambs), usually filled with a glass pane. Multiple panes are divided by <a href="Mullion" title="Mullion">mullions</a> when load-bearing, <a href="Muntin" title="Muntin">muntins</a> when not.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><b>Lattice light</b> is a compound window pane madeup of small pieces of glass held together in a <a href="Latticework" title="Latticework">lattice</a>.</li>

<li><b>Fixed window</b> is a unit of one non-moving lite. The terms <i>single-light</i>, <i>double-light</i>, etc., refer to the number of these glass panes in a window.</li>

<li><b>Sash unit</b> is a window consisting of at least one sliding glass component, typically composed of two lites (known as a <i>double-light</i>).</li>

<li><b>Replacement window</b> in the United States means a framed window designed to slip inside the original window frame from the inside after the old sashes are removed. In Europe, it usually means a complete window including a replacement outer frame.</li>

<li><b>New construction window</b>, in the US, means a window with a nailing fin that is inserted into a rough opening from the outside before applying siding and inside trim. A nailing fin is a projection on the outer frame of the window in the same plane as the <a href="Glazing_in_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Glazing in architecture">glazing</a>, which overlaps the prepared opening, and can thus be 'nailed' into place. In the UK and mainland Europe, windows in new-build houses are usually fixed with long screws into expanding plastic plugs in the brickwork. A gap of up to 13 mm is left around all four sides, and filled with expanding <a href="Polyurethane_foam" title="Polyurethane foam">polyurethane foam</a>. This makes the window fixing weatherproof but allows for expansion due to heat.</li>

<li><b><a href="Lintel" title="Lintel">Lintel</a></b> is a beam over the top of a window, also known as a <a href="Transom_(architectural)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transom (architectural)">transom</a>.</li>

<li><b><a href="Window_sill" title="Window sill">Window sill</a></b> is the bottom piece in a window frame. Window sills slant outward to drain water away from the inside of the building.</li>

<li><b>Secondary glazing</b> is an additional frame applied to the inside of an existing frame, usually used on protected or listed buildings to achieve higher levels of thermal and sound insulation without compromising the look of the building</li>

<li><b><a href="Millwork_(building_material)" class="mw-redirect" title="Millwork (building material)">Decorative millwork</a></b> is the moulding, cornices and lintels often decorating the surrounding edges of the window.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Labeling">Labeling</h3></div>

<p>The United States <a href="National_Fenestration_Rating_Council" title="National Fenestration Rating Council">NFRC</a> Window Label lists the following terms:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">Thermal transmittance (U-factor)</a>, best values are around U-0.15 (equal to 0.8 W/m2/K)</li>

<li><a href="Solar_heat_gain_coefficient" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar heat gain coefficient">Solar heat gain coefficient</a> (SHGC), ratio of solar heat (infrared) passing through the glass to incident solar heat</li>

<li><a href="Visible_transmittance" class="mw-redirect" title="Visible transmittance">Visible transmittance</a> (VT), ratio of transmitted visible light divided by incident visible light</li>

<li><a href="Airflow" title="Airflow">Air leakage</a> (AL), measured in cubic foot per minute per linear foot of crack between sash and frame</li>

<li><a href="Damp_(structural)#Condensation" title="Damp (structural)">Condensation resistance</a> (CR), measured between 1 and 100 (the higher the number, the higher the resistance of the formation of condensation)<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<p>The European harmonised standard hEN 14351–1, which deals with doors and windows, defines 23 characteristics (divided into <i>essential</i> and <i>non essential</i>). Two other, preliminary European Norms that are under development deal with internal pedestrian doors (prEN 14351–2), smoke and fire resisting doors, and openable windows (prEN 16034).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Construction">Construction</h2></div>

<p>Windows can be a significant source of heat transfer.<sup id="cite_ref-Window_Systems_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Window_Systems-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, <a href="Insulated_glazing" title="Insulated glazing">insulated glazing</a> units consist of two or more panes to reduce the transfer of heat.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grids_or_muntins">Grids or muntins</h3></div>

<p>These are the pieces of framing that separate a larger window into smaller panes. In older windows, large panes of glass were quite expensive, so muntins let smaller panes fill a larger space. In modern windows, light-colored muntins still provide a useful function by reflecting some of the light going through the window, making the window itself a source of diffuse light (instead of just the surfaces and objects illuminated within the room). By increasing the indirect illumination of surfaces near the window, muntins tend to brighten the area immediately around a window and reduce the contrast of shadows within the room.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Frame_and_sash_construction">Frame and sash construction</h3></div>

<p>Frames and sashes can be made of the following materials:

</p>

<th>Material

</th>

<th><a href="Thermal_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal resistance">Thermal resistance</a>

</th>

<th>Durability

</th>

<th>Maintenance

</th>

<th>Cost

</th>

<th>Recycled content

</th>

<th>Comment

</th></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>very good

</td>

<td>variable

</td>

<td>low

</td>

<td>average

</td>

<td>high

</td>

<td>a well-maintained wood window built before 1950 can last 50–100 years<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride">uPVC ("vinyl")</a>

</td>

<td>very good

</td>

</td>

<td>very low

</td>

<td>average

</td>

<td>very low

</td>

<td>has a life span of 25–50 years in average<sup id="cite_ref-auto_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Aluminum" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminum">Aluminum</a>

</td>

</td>

<td>good

</td>

<td>very low

</td>

<td>low

</td>

<td>typically > 95%

</td>

<td>mostly thermally broken by a thermal insulation profile

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Composites

</td>

<td>very good

</td>

<td>good

</td>

<td>very low

</td>

<td>high

</td>

<td>high

</td>

<td>used in modern buildings

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Steel" title="Steel">Steel</a>

</td>

<td>medium

</td>

<td>superior

</td>

<td>very low

</td>

<td>high

</td>

<td>> 98%

</td>

<td>typically welded at corner joints

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Fiberglass" title="Fiberglass">Fiberglass</a>

</td>

<td>very good

</td>

</td>

<td>very low

</td>

<td>high

</td>

<td>medium

</td>

<td>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

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<li id="cite_note-PVC&fiberglass-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PVC&fiberglass_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PVC&fiberglass_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">PVC and fiberglass frames perform well in accelerated weathering tests. Because PVC is not as strong as other materials, some PVC frames are reinforced with metal or composite materials to improve their structural strength.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Modern aluminium window frames are typically separated by a thermal break made of a glass fibre reinforced polyamide. With a 34 mm thermal insulation profile it is possible to reach Uf= 1.3 W/m2K for a metal window. This greatly increases thermal resistance, while retaining virtually all of the structural strength.</span>

</li>

</ol></div></div><p><a href="Composite_material" title="Composite material">Composites</a> (also known as Hybrid Windows) are start since early 1998 and combine materials like aluminium + pvc or wood to obtain aesthetics of one material with the functional benefits of another.

</p>

<p>A special class of PVC window frames, uPVC window frames, became widespread since the late 20th century, particularly in Europe: there were 83.5 million installed by 1998<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with numbers still growing as of 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Glazing_and_filling">Glazing and filling</h3></div>

<p><a href="Low-emissivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-emissivity">Low-emissivity</a> coated panes reduce heat transfer by <a href="Radiation" title="Radiation">radiation</a>, which, depending on which surface is coated, helps prevent heat loss (in cold climates) or heat gains (in warm climates).

</p><p>High thermal resistance can be obtained by evacuating or filling the insulated glazing units with gases such as <a href="Argon" title="Argon">argon</a> or <a href="Krypton" title="Krypton">krypton</a>, which reduces <a href="Heat_conduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat conduction">conductive</a> heat transfer due to their low thermal conductivity. Performance of such units depends on good window seals and meticulous frame construction to prevent entry of air and loss of efficiency.

</p><p>Modern double-pane and triple-pane windows often include one or more low-e coatings to reduce the window's U-factor (its insulation value, specifically its rate of heat loss). In general, soft-coat low-e coatings tend to result in a lower solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC) than hard-coat low-e coatings.

</p><p>Modern windows are usually glazed with one large sheet of glass per sash, while windows in the past were glazed with multiple panes separated by <i>glazing bars</i>, or <i>muntins</i>, due to the unavailability of large sheets of glass. Today, glazing bars tend to be decorative, separating windows into small panes of glass even though larger panes of glass are available, generally in a pattern dictated by the architectural style at use. Glazing bars are typically wooden, but occasionally lead glazing bars soldered in place are used for more intricate glazing patterns.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_construction_details">Other construction details</h3></div>

<p>Many windows have movable <a href="Window_covering" title="Window covering">window coverings</a> such as <a href="Blinds" class="mw-redirect" title="Blinds">blinds</a> or <a href="Curtain" title="Curtain">curtains</a> to keep out light, provide additional insulation, or ensure privacy.

Windows allow natural light to enter, but too much can have negative effects such as glare and heat gain. Additionally, while windows let the user see outside, there must be a way to maintain privacy on in the inside.<sup id="cite_ref-Design_Evaluation_Project_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Design_Evaluation_Project-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Window coverings are practical accommodations for these issues.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact_of_the_sun">Impact of the sun</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Daylighting_(architecture)" title="Daylighting (architecture)">Daylighting (architecture)</a></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sun_incidence_angle">Sun incidence angle</h3></div>

<p>Historically, windows are designed with surfaces parallel to vertical building walls. Such a design allows considerable solar light and heat penetration due to the most commonly occurring incidence of sun angles. In <a href="Passive_solar_building_design" title="Passive solar building design">passive solar building design</a>, an extended <a href="Eave" class="mw-redirect" title="Eave">eave</a> is typically used to control the amount of solar light and heat entering the window(s).

</p><p>An alternative method is to calculate an optimum window mounting angle that accounts for summer sun load minimization, with consideration of actual latitude of the building. This process has been implemented, for example, in the <a href="Dakin_Building" title="Dakin Building">Dakin Building</a> in <a href="Brisbane%2C_California" title="Brisbane, California">Brisbane, California</a>—in which most of the fenestration is designed to reflect summer heat load and help prevent summer interior <a href="Over-illumination" class="mw-redirect" title="Over-illumination">over-illumination</a> and glare, by canting windows to nearly a 45 degree angle.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solar_window">Solar window</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Photovoltaics" title="Photovoltaics">Photovoltaics</a></div>

<p><a href="Photovoltaic_window" class="mw-redirect" title="Photovoltaic window">Photovoltaic windows</a> not only provide a clear view and illuminate rooms, but also convert sunlight to electricity for the building.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In most cases, translucent photovoltaic cells are used.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Passive_solar">Passive solar</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Passive_solar_building_design" title="Passive solar building design">Passive solar building design</a></div>

<p><i>Passive solar windows</i> allow light and solar energy into a building while minimizing air leakage and heat loss. Properly positioning these windows in relation to sun, wind, and landscape—while properly shading them to limit excess heat gain in summer and shoulder seasons, and providing thermal mass to absorb energy during the day and release it when temperatures cool at night—increases comfort and <a href="Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">energy efficiency</a>. Properly designed in climates with adequate solar gain, these can even be a building's primary heating system.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coverings">Coverings</h3></div>

<p>A <a href="Window_covering" title="Window covering">window covering</a> is a shade or screen that provides multiple functions. Some coverings, such as drapes and blinds provide occupants with privacy. Some window coverings control solar heat gain and glare. There are external shading devices and internal shading devices.<sup id="cite_ref-Windows_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Windows-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Low-e <a href="Window_film" title="Window film">window film</a> is a low-cost alternative to window replacement to transform existing poorly-insulating windows into energy-efficient windows. For high-rise buildings, <a href="Smart_glass" title="Smart glass">smart glass</a> can provide an alternative.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gallery">Gallery</h3></div>

<li class="gallerycaption">Various windows</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Ancient_Egyptian_architecture" title="Ancient Egyptian architecture">Ancient Egyptian</a> <a href="Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a> window grill from a palace of <a href="Ramesses_III" title="Ramesses III">Ramesses III</a>, now in the <a href="Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> (New York City)</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Fragment of a <a href="Ancient_Roman_architecture" title="Ancient Roman architecture">Roman</a> window glass plate dated to 1st to 4th century CE. Note the obvious curvature; this is not a flat pane</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Indian_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian architecture">Indian</a> window of the <a href="Kalleshvara_Temple%2C_Aralaguppe" title="Kalleshvara Temple, Aralaguppe">Kalleshvara Temple</a> (India)</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Chinese_architecture" title="Chinese architecture">Chinese</a> latticed window in Zhenze (<a href="Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a>, China)</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Byzantine_architecture" title="Byzantine architecture">Byzantine</a> window of the <a href="Little_Metropolis" title="Little Metropolis">Little Metropolis</a> (<a href="Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, Greece)</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Islamic</a> window of the <a href="Jameh_Mosque_of_Nishapur" title="Jameh Mosque of Nishapur">Jameh Mosque of Nishapur</a> (<a href="Nishapur" title="Nishapur">Nishapur</a>, <a href="Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>)</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Part of a <a href="Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a> stained glass window with Kings <a href="David" title="David">David</a> and <a href="Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a> from <a href="Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_de_Strasbourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Strasbourg">Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Strasbourg</a> (<a href="Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a>, France)</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">North transept windows in the <a href="Chartres_Cathedral" title="Chartres Cathedral">Chartres Cathedral</a> (<a href="Chartres" title="Chartres">Chartres</a>, France)</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Flamboyant Gothic window of a stair tower (<a href="Toulouse" title="Toulouse">Toulouse</a>, France)</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Russian_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian architecture">Russian</a> window of the <a href="Valday_Iversky_Monastery" title="Valday Iversky Monastery">Valday Iversky Monastery</a> (<a href="Lake_Valdayskoye" title="Lake Valdayskoye">Lake Valdayskoye</a>, <a href="Novgorod_Oblast" title="Novgorod Oblast">Novgorod Oblast</a>, Russia)</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Br%C3%A2ncovenesc_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Brâncovenesc style">Brâncovenesc</a> window of the <a href="Stavropoleos_Monastery" title="Stavropoleos Monastery">Stavropoleos Monastery</a> (<a href="Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>, Romania)</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Renaissance_architecture" title="Renaissance architecture">Renaissance</a> window of the <a href="H%C3%B4tel_d'Ass%C3%A9zat" title="Hôtel d'Assézat">Hôtel d'Assézat</a> (<a href="Toulouse" title="Toulouse">Toulouse</a>, France)</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">Baroque</a> window of the <a href="Palazzo_Sormani" title="Palazzo Sormani">Palazzo Sormani</a> (<a href="Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, Italy)</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a> windows of the <a href="Zwinger_(Dresden)" title="Zwinger (Dresden)">Zwinger</a> (<a href="Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a>, Germany)</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Louis_XVI_style" title="Louis XVI style">Louis XVI</a> round window of the <a href="Petit_Trianon" title="Petit Trianon">Petit Trianon</a> (<a href="Versailles" class="mw-redirect" title="Versailles">Versailles</a>, France), with a <a href="Festoon" title="Festoon">festoon</a>-derived ornament at the top</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassical</a> group of windows, on a lateral side of the <a href="Romanian_Athenaeum" title="Romanian Athenaeum">Romanian Athenaeum</a> (Bucharest)</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic Revival</a> window of a house on Strada Jean-Louis Calderon (Bucharest)</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Egyptian_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian Revival">Egyptian Revival</a> windows of a building in Place du Caire (Paris)</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Romanian_Revival_architecture" title="Romanian Revival architecture">Romanian Revival</a> window of a house on Bulevardul Dacia (Bucharest)</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">19th century <a href="Eclecticism_in_architecture" title="Eclecticism in architecture">Eclectic</a> Classicist windows on Rue Molitor (Paris)</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Beaux-Arts_architecture" title="Beaux-Arts architecture">Beaux-Arts</a> window of the Stroescu House on Strada Dianei (Bucharest)</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a> house with stained glass windows on Stillemansstraat (<a href="Sint-Niklaas" title="Sint-Niklaas">Sint-Niklaas</a>, Belgium)</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Chicago_window" title="Chicago window">Chicago windows</a> of the <a href="Reliance_Building" title="Reliance Building">Reliance Building</a> (Chicago)</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a> windows of the <a href="Horta_Museum" title="Horta Museum">Horta Museum</a> (Brussels)</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Window with shutters of the Lutheran wooden church in <a href="Born_auf_dem_Dar%C3%9F" title="Born auf dem Darß">Born auf dem Darß</a> (Germany)</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Serving window of a Mexican restaurant in the city of <a href="Chico%2C_California" title="Chico, California">Chico</a> (California)</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Postmodern_architecture" title="Postmodern architecture">Postmodern</a> windows of the Cité de la musique (Paris)</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Contemporary_architecture" title="Contemporary architecture">Contemporary</a> windows of <a href="Cathedral_Plaza_Bucharest" title="Cathedral Plaza Bucharest">Cathedral Plaza Bucharest</a></div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Very high windows in the entrance to a residential building in <a href="Ystad" title="Ystad">Ystad</a></div>

</li>

</ul>

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<ul><li><a href="Airflow_window" title="Airflow window">Airflow window</a></li>

<li><a href="Architectural_glass" title="Architectural glass">Architectural glass</a></li>

<li><a href="Crown_glass_(window)" title="Crown glass (window)">Crown glass</a></li>

<li><a href="Demerara_window" title="Demerara window">Demerara window</a></li>

<li><a href="Display_window" title="Display window">Display window</a></li>

<li><a href="Fortochka" title="Fortochka">Fortochka</a></li>

<li><a href="Glass_mullion_system" title="Glass mullion system">Glass mullion system</a></li>

<li><a href="Greased_paper_window" title="Greased paper window">Greased paper window</a></li>

<li><a href="Insulated_glazing" title="Insulated glazing">Insulated glazing</a></li>

<li><a href="Plate_glass" title="Plate glass">Plate glass</a></li>

<li><a href="Porthole" title="Porthole">Porthole</a></li>

<li><a href="Rose_window" title="Rose window">Rose window</a></li>

<li><a href="Window_tax" title="Window tax">Window tax</a></li>

<li><a href="Window_treatment" class="mw-redirect" title="Window treatment">Window treatment</a></li>

<li><a href="Witch_window" title="Witch window">Witch window</a></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/645175/window">"Window"</a>. <i>Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 19,</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Window-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Window_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Window_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Window_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreedictionary.com/window/">"Window"</a>. The Free Dictionary By Farlex<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 19,</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordreference.com">"New Oxford American Dictionary"</a>. 2010.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.visindavefur.is/svar.php?id=71376">"Hvaðan kemur orðið gluggi? Af hverju notum við ekki vindauga samanber window?"</a>. <i>Vísindavefurinn</i> (in Icelandic)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 17,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCarrier2017" class="citation book cs1">Carrier, Richard (2017). <i>The Scientist in the Early Roman Empire</i>. Durham, North Carolina: Pitchstone Publishing. p. 218. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-63431-106-9</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKevin_Shillington2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Kevin_Shillington" title="Kevin Shillington">Kevin Shillington</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=umyHqvAErOAC&dq=Ghana+Empire+glass+window&pg=PA564"><i>Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set</i></a>. <a href="Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 564. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-135-45670-2</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFage1957" class="citation journal cs1">Fage, J. D. (1957). "Ancient Ghana: A Review Of The Evidence". <i>Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana</i>. <b>3</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">3–</span>24. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41405704">41405704</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLangley2011" class="citation book cs1">Langley, Andrew (2011). <i>Medieval Life</i>. Eyewitness. Dorling Kindersley. p. 16. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4053-4545-3</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.architectmagazine.com/technology/float-glass_o">"Float Glass"</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKleinschmidt1912" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Kleinschmidt, Beda Julius (1912). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Windows in Church Architecture"><a class="external text external" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Windows_in_Church_Architecture">"Windows in Church Architecture" </a></span>. <i><a href="Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 15. <q>In general two or three windows united in a group, as was later the rule in Roman architecture, were even then of frequent occurrence in the early Christian architecture of Asia Minor. The form of the window is nearly everywhere the same; a rectangle that usually has a rounded top, but seldom a straight lintel.</q></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKleinschmidt1912" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Kleinschmidt, Beda Julius (1912). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Windows in Church Architecture"><a class="external text external" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Windows_in_Church_Architecture">"Windows in Church Architecture" </a></span>. <i><a href="Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 15. <q>The place of the window was determined by the architectural membering of the basilica, the distance between two columns generally indicating the position of a window.</q></cite></span>

</li>

<cite id="CITEREFSmith1985" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="Peter_Smith_(architectural_historian)" title="Peter Smith (architectural historian)">Smith, Peter</a> (1985). "21 Rural Building in Wales". In <a href="Joan_Thirsk" title="Joan Thirsk">Thirsk, Joan</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EAA9AAAAIAAJ"><i>The Agrarian History of England and Wales</i></a>. Vol. 5: 1640-1750 2: Agrarian change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 781. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780521257756</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></span>

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<cite id="CITEREFRybczynski2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Witold_Rybczynski" title="Witold Rybczynski">Rybczynski, Witold</a> (May 13, 2008) [2007]. "Ranchers, Picture Windows and Morning Rooms". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rkuvkjyRGG0C"><i>Last Harvest: From Cornfield to New Town: Real Estate Development from George Washington to the Builders of the Twenty-First Century, and Why We Live in Houses Anyway</i></a>. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 207. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780743235976</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2023</span>. <q>The casual, spread-out ranch house [...] by 1950 accounted for nine out of ten new houses. [...] Its one extravagance was a large window facing the street - the picture window. As far as I have been able to determine, picture windows made their first appearance in Levittown, Pennsylvania.</q></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKentSchiavon2022" class="citation journal cs1">Kent, Michael; Schiavon, Stefano (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://escholarship.org/content/qt7rv6936v/qt7rv6936v.pdf?t=rgtbft">"Predicting Window View Preferences Using the Environmental Information Criteria"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>LEUKOS</i>. <b>19</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">190–</span>209. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15502724.2022.2077753">10.1080/15502724.2022.2077753</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:251121476">251121476</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 9,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Curl, James Stevens (2006). <i>Oxford Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture</i>, 2nd ed., OUP, Oxford and New York, p. 214. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-19-860678-9</bdi>.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harris, Cyril M. (1998). <i>American Architecture: An Illustrated Encyclopedia</i>. New York: W. W. Norton.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFNKBA_(National_Kitchen_and_Bath_Association)2013" class="citation book cs1">NKBA (National Kitchen and Bath Association) (October 29, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CVTjAQAAQBAJ&q=Fixed+window+is+window+that+cannot+open&pg=PA83"><i>Kitchen & Bath Residential Construction and Systems</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-118-71104-0</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAllenThallon2011" class="citation book cs1">Allen, Edward; Thallon, Rob (2011). <i>Fundamentals of Residential Construction</i> (3rd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. p. 654. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-470-54083-1</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230125064841/https://glawindows.com/tilt-and-turn-windows-5/">"Tilt-and-Turn Windows Gain Popularity"</a>. June 11, 2021. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glawindows.com/tilt-and-turn-windows-5/">the original</a> on January 25, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 25,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Curl, James Stevens. "Flanking window". <i>A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture</i>. 2nd ed. Oxford England: Oxford University Press, 2006. 285. Print.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSarviel1993" class="citation book cs1">Sarviel, Ed (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TopgKO4x_2kC&q=skylight+is+window+built+into+roof&pg=PA223"><i>Construction Estimating Reference Data</i></a>. Craftsman Book Company. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-934041-84-3</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreedictionary.com/picture+window">"Picture window"</a>. <i><a href="The_Free_Dictionary" title="The Free Dictionary">The Free Dictionary</a></i>. Farlex<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 19,</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080923082055/http://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/documents/outreach/bus/PreTrip-SafetyBrochure-Pull.pdf">"U.S. Dept. of Transportation: Safety information for bus/motorcoach passengers"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/documents/outreach/bus/PreTrip-SafetyBrochure-Pull.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on September 23, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 11,</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreedictionary.com/stained+glass+window">"Stained glass"</a>. <i><a href="The_Free_Dictionary" title="The Free Dictionary">The Free Dictionary</a></i>. Farlex<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 19,</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/French%20door">French Door</a></i>, <i><a href="Merriam-Webster_Online_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary">Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary</a></i>, access date July 4, 2017</span>

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<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/French%20window">French window</a></i>, <i><a href="Merriam-Webster_Online_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary">Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary</a></i>, access date July 4, 2017</span>

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<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBrett2004" class="citation book cs1">Brett, Peter (2004). <i>Carpentry and Joinery</i> (2, illustrated ed.). Nelson Thornes. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iVthU6rPGK8C&pg=PA225">255</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-7487-8502-5</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nfrc.org/documents/WindowsandHeatLoss.pdf">Windows and Heat Loss</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100827012257/http://www.nfrc.org/documents/WindowsandHeatLoss.pdf">Archived</a> August 27, 2010, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="NFRC" class="mw-redirect" title="NFRC">NFRC</a> Heat Loss Fact Sheet</span>

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<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131106070925/http://www.alueurope.eu/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/CPR_guideline_Dec_2012_ver-1.pdf">"CPR guideline"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alueurope.eu/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/CPR_guideline_Dec_2012_ver-1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on November 6, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 13,</span> 2013</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Window_Systems-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Window_Systems_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carmody, J., Selkowitz, S., Lee, E. S., Arasteh, D., & Willmert, T. (2004). <i>Window Systems for High-Performance Buildings</i>. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forum.savingplaces.org/viewdocument/saving-windows-saving-money-evalu">"Saving Windows, Saving Money: Evaluating the Energy Performance of Window Retrofit and Replacement"</a>. <i>Resource Library – National Trust for Historic Preservation</i>. National Trust for Historic Preservation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 31,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-auto-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPeterson_Wasielewski" class="citation web cs1">Peterson Wasielewski, Shannon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dahp.wa.gov/sites/default/files/Windows%20Energy%20Efficiency%20Facts%20and%20Myths.pdf">"Windows: Energy Efficiency Facts and Myths"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Washington Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 31,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPritchard1999" class="citation book cs1">Pritchard, Geoffrey (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U3GWoyuMEckC&pg=PA95"><i>Novel and Traditional Fillers for Plastics: Technology and Market Developments</i></a>. iSmithers Rapra Publishing. p. 95. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-85957-183-5</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130131182428/http://www.prweb.com/releases/Vinyl_doors_market/vinyl_windows_market/prweb9415523.htm">"Global Vinyl Windows Market to Reach 163 Million Units by 2017, According to a New Report by Global Industry Analysts, Inc"</a>. PRWeb. April 18, 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prweb.com/releases/Vinyl_doors_market/vinyl_windows_market/prweb9415523.htm">the original</a> on January 31, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 11,</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Design_Evaluation_Project-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Design_Evaluation_Project_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Howell, Sandra C. (1976). <i>Designing for the Elderly; Windows</i>. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Architecture. Design Evaluation Project.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.mit.edu/2008/mit-opens-new-window-solar-energy/">"MIT opens new 'window' on solar energy"</a>. Web.mit.edu. July 10, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 11,</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Windows-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Windows_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beckett, H. E., & Godfrey, J. A. (1974). <i>Windows: Performance, design and installation</i>. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company.</span>

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</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/window" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/window">window</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Windows" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Windows">Windows</a></span>.</div></div>

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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/rgls/hd_rgls.htm">Roman Glass from Metropolitan Museum of Art</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Rooms_and_spaces_of_a_house365" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Room" title="Room">Rooms</a> and spaces of a <a href="House" title="House">house</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Common_area" title="Common area">Shared rooms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bonus_room" title="Bonus room">Bonus room</a></li>

<li><a href="Common_room" title="Common room">Common room</a></li>

<li><a href="Dining_room" title="Dining room">Dining room</a></li>

<li><a href="Family_room" title="Family room">Family room</a></li>

<li><a href="Garret" title="Garret">Garret</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_room" title="Great room">Great room</a></li>

<li><a href="Home_cinema" title="Home cinema">Home cinema</a></li>

<li><a href="Keeping_room" title="Keeping room">Keeping room</a></li>

<li><a href="Kitchen" title="Kitchen">Kitchen</a>

<ul><li><a href="Dirty_kitchen" title="Dirty kitchen">dirty kitchen</a></li>

<li><a href="Kitchenette" title="Kitchenette">kitchenette</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Living_room" title="Living room">Living room</a></li>

<li><a href="Gynaeceum" title="Gynaeceum">Gynaeceum</a>

<ul><li><a href="Harem" title="Harem">harem</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Andron_(architecture)" title="Andron (architecture)">Andron</a>

<li><a href="Recreation_room" title="Recreation room">Recreation room</a>

<ul><li><a href="Billiard_room" title="Billiard room">billiard room</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Shrine" title="Shrine">Shrine</a></li>

<li><a href="Study_(room)" title="Study (room)">Study</a></li>

<li><a href="Sunroom" title="Sunroom">Sunroom</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Private rooms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bathroom" title="Bathroom">Bathroom</a>

<ul><li><a href="Toilet_(room)" title="Toilet (room)">toilet</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Bedroom" title="Bedroom">Bedroom</a> / Guest room

<ul><li><a href="Closet" title="Closet">closet</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Bedsit" title="Bedsit">Bedsit / Miniflat</a></li>

<li><a href="Boudoir" title="Boudoir">Boudoir</a></li>

<li><a href="Cabinet_(room)" title="Cabinet (room)">Cabinet</a></li>

<li><a href="Nursery_(room)" title="Nursery (room)">Nursery</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Atrium_(architecture)" title="Atrium (architecture)">Atrium</a></li>

<li><a href="Balcony" title="Balcony">Balcony</a></li>

<li><a href="Breezeway" title="Breezeway">Breezeway</a></li>

<li><a href="Conversation_pit" title="Conversation pit">Conversation pit</a></li>

<li><a href="Cubby-hole" title="Cubby-hole">Cubby-hole</a></li>

<li><a href="Elevator" title="Elevator">Elevator</a>

<ul><li><a href="Dumbwaiter" title="Dumbwaiter">dumbwaiter</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Entryway" class="mw-redirect" title="Entryway">Entryway</a>/<a href="Genkan" title="Genkan">Genkan</a></li>

<li><a href="Fireplace" title="Fireplace">Fireplace</a>

<ul><li><a href="Hearth" title="Hearth">hearth</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Lobby_(room)" title="Lobby (room)">Foyer</a></li>

<li><a href="Hallway" title="Hallway">Hallway</a></li>

<li><a href="Inglenook" title="Inglenook">Inglenook</a></li>

<li><a href="Lanai_(architecture)" title="Lanai (architecture)">Lanai</a></li>

<li><a href="Loggia" title="Loggia">Loggia</a></li>

<li><a href="Overhang_(architecture)" title="Overhang (architecture)">Overhang</a></li>

<li><a href="Patio" title="Patio">Patio</a></li>

<li><a href="Porch" title="Porch">Porch</a>

<ul><li><a href="Screened_porch" title="Screened porch">screened</a></li>

<li><a href="Sleeping_porch" title="Sleeping porch">sleeping</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Secret_passage" title="Secret passage">Secret passage</a></li>

<li><a href="Stairs" title="Stairs">Stairs</a>/<a href="Staircase" title="Staircase">Staircase</a></li>

<li><a href="Terrace_(building)" title="Terrace (building)">Terrace</a></li>

<li><a href="Veranda" title="Veranda">Veranda</a></li>

<li><a href="Vestibule_(architecture)" title="Vestibule (architecture)">Vestibule</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Technical_room" class="mw-redirect" title="Technical room">Technical</a>, <a href="Utility_room" title="Utility room">utility</a><br> and <a href="Storage_room" title="Storage room">storage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Attic" title="Attic">Attic</a></li>

<li><a href="Basement" title="Basement">Basement</a></li>

<li><a href="Carport" title="Carport">Carport</a></li>

<li><a href="Cloakroom" title="Cloakroom">Cloakroom</a></li>

<li><a href="Closet" title="Closet">Closet</a></li>

<li><a href="Crawl_space" title="Crawl space">Crawl space</a></li>

<li><a href="Electrical_room" title="Electrical room">Electrical room</a></li>

<li><a href="Equipment_room" title="Equipment room">Equipment room</a></li>

<li><a href="Furnace_room" class="mw-redirect" title="Furnace room">Furnace room</a> / <a href="Mechanical_room" title="Mechanical room">Boiler room</a></li>

<li><a href="Garage_(residential)" title="Garage (residential)">Garage</a></li>

<li><a href="Cleaner" title="Cleaner">Janitorial closet</a></li>

<li><a href="Larder" title="Larder">Larder</a></li>

<li><a href="Laundry_room" title="Laundry room">Laundry room</a> / <a href="Utility_room" title="Utility room">Utility room</a> / <a href="Storage_room" title="Storage room">Storage room</a></li>

<li><a href="Mechanical_room" title="Mechanical room">Mechanical room</a> / <a href="Mechanical_floor" title="Mechanical floor">floor</a></li>

<li><a href="Pantry" title="Pantry">Pantry</a></li>

<li><a href="Root_cellar" title="Root cellar">Root cellar</a></li>

<li><a href="Semi-basement" title="Semi-basement">Semi-basement</a></li>

<li><a href="Storm_cellar" title="Storm cellar">Storm cellar</a> / <a href="Safe_room" title="Safe room">Safe room</a></li>

<li><a href="Studio" title="Studio">Studio</a></li>

<li><a href="Wardrobe" title="Wardrobe">Wardrobe</a></li>

<li><a href="Wine_cellar" title="Wine cellar">Wine cellar</a></li>

<li><a href="Wiring_closet" title="Wiring closet">Wiring closet</a></li>

<li><a href="Workshop" title="Workshop">Workshop</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Great_house" title="Great house">Great house</a> areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Antechamber" class="mw-redirect" title="Antechamber">Antechamber</a></li>

<li><a href="Ballroom" title="Ballroom">Ballroom</a></li>

<li>Kitchen-related

<ul><li><a href="Butler's_pantry" class="mw-redirect" title="Butler's pantry">butler's pantry</a></li>

<li><a href="Buttery_(room)" title="Buttery (room)">buttery</a></li>

<li><a href="Saucery" title="Saucery">saucery</a></li>

<li><a href="Scullery" title="Scullery">scullery</a></li>

<li><a href="Spicery" title="Spicery">spicery</a></li>

<li><a href="Still_room" title="Still room">still room</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Conservatory_(greenhouse)" title="Conservatory (greenhouse)">Conservatory</a> / <a href="Orangery" title="Orangery">Orangery</a></li>

<li><a href="Courtyard" title="Courtyard">Courtyard</a></li>

<li><a href="Drawing_room" title="Drawing room">Drawing room</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_chamber" title="Great chamber">Great chamber</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_hall" title="Great hall">Great hall</a></li>

<li><a href="Library" title="Library">Library</a></li>

<li><a href="Long_gallery" title="Long gallery">Long gallery</a></li>

<li><a href="Lumber_room" title="Lumber room">Lumber room</a></li>

<li><a href="Parlour" title="Parlour">Parlour</a></li>

<li><a href="Sauna" title="Sauna">Sauna</a></li>

<li><a href="Servants'_hall" title="Servants' hall">Servants' hall</a></li>

<li><a href="Servants'_quarters" title="Servants' quarters">Servants' quarters</a></li>

<li><a href="Smoking_room" title="Smoking room">Smoking room</a></li>

<li><a href="Solar_(room)" title="Solar (room)">Solar</a></li>

<li><a href="State_room" title="State room">State room</a></li>

<li><a href="Swimming_pool" title="Swimming pool">Swimming pool</a></li>

<li><a href="Turret_(architecture)" title="Turret (architecture)">Turret</a></li>

<li><a href="Undercroft" title="Undercroft">Undercroft</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Furniture" title="Furniture">Furniture</a></li>

<li><a href="Hidden_compartment" title="Hidden compartment">Hidden room</a></li>

<li><a href="House" title="House">House</a>

<ul><li><a href="House_plan" title="House plan">house plan</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_house_styles" title="List of house styles">styles</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_house_types" title="List of house types">types</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Multi-family_residential" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-family residential">Multi-family residential</a></li>

<li><a href="Secondary_suite" title="Secondary suite">Secondary suite</a></li>

<li><a href="Duplex_(building)" title="Duplex (building)">Duplex</a></li>

<li><a href="Terraced_house" title="Terraced house">Terraced</a></li>

<li><a href="Single-family_detached_home" title="Single-family detached home">Detached</a></li>

<li><a href="Semi-detached" title="Semi-detached">Semi-detached</a></li>

<li><a href="Townhouse" title="Townhouse">Townhouse</a></li>

<li><a href="Studio_apartment" title="Studio apartment">Studio apartment</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Architecture" title="Architecture">Architectural</a><br>elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Balconet" title="Balconet">Balconet</a></li>

<li><a href="Baluster" title="Baluster">Baluster</a></li>

<li><a href="Belt_course" title="Belt course">Belt course</a></li>

<li><a href="Bressummer" title="Bressummer">Bressummer</a></li>

<li><a href="Ceiling" title="Ceiling">Ceiling</a></li>

<li><a href="Chimney" title="Chimney">Chimney</a></li>

<li><a href="Colonnade" title="Colonnade">Colonnade</a> / <a href="Portico" title="Portico">Portico</a></li>

<li><a href="Column" title="Column">Column</a></li>

<li><a href="Cornice" title="Cornice">Cornice</a> / <a href="Eaves" title="Eaves">Eaves</a></li>

<li><a href="Floor" title="Floor">Floor</a></li>

<li><a href="Foundation_(engineering)" title="Foundation (engineering)">Foundation</a></li>

<li><a href="Gable" title="Gable">Gable</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Portal_(architecture)" title="Portal (architecture)">Portal</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Lighting" title="Lighting">Lighting</a></li>

<li><a href="Molding_(decorative)" title="Molding (decorative)">Molding</a></li>

<li><a href="Ornament_(art)" title="Ornament (art)">Ornament</a></li>

<li><a href="Plumbing" title="Plumbing">Plumbing</a></li>

<li><a href="Quoin" title="Quoin">Quoins</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Roof_shingle" title="Roof shingle">shingles</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Roof_lantern" title="Roof lantern">Roof lantern</a></li>

<li><a href="Sill_plate" title="Sill plate">Sill plate</a></li>

<li><a href="Architectural_style" title="Architectural style">Style</a>

<li><a href="Skylight" title="Skylight">Skylight</a></li>

<li><a href="Threshold_(architecture)" title="Threshold (architecture)">Threshold</a></li>

<li><a href="Transom_(architecture)" title="Transom (architecture)">Transom</a></li>

<li><a href="Vault_(architecture)" title="Vault (architecture)">Vault</a></li>

</ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Backyard" title="Backyard">Backyard</a></li>

<li><a href="Driveway" title="Driveway">Driveway</a></li>

<li><a href="Front_yard" title="Front yard">Front yard</a></li>

<li><a href="Back_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Back garden">Garden</a>

<ul><li><a href="Roof_garden" title="Roof garden">roof garden</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Home_improvement" title="Home improvement">Home improvement</a></li>

<li><a href="Home_repair" title="Home repair">Home repair</a></li>

<li><a href="Tree_house" title="Tree house">Tree house</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category: Rooms</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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